|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
 |
||||||||||||||||||||
 |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
Glossary |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
International Oil & Gas Business & Technology Links for FREE |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
| Home | Site Map | Email this page | Register FREE |
|||||||||||||||||||||
| Glossary of Terms :: Extensive listing of Oil Field Terms >> |
: Quick Links : |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
:: Sponsored Links :: |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
Sponsor your company link - find out more >> |
|||||||||||||||||||||
| Glossary of terms and Oil field Jargon :: | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
Abandon :
To cease work on a well which is non-productive, to plug off the well with cement plugs and salvage all recoverable equipment Also used in the context of field abandonment.
Acidizing :
Treatment of oil-bearing limestone or carbonate formations with a solution of hydrochloric acid and other chemicals to increase production. The acid is forced under pressure into the formation where it enlarges the flow channels by dissolving the limestone.
Angle of Deflection :
The angle, in degrees, at which a well is deflected from the vertical by means of a
whipstock or other deflecting tool.
Anticline :
Arched stratified rock structure with layers dipping downward in opposite directions from the crest.
Annulus :
The space between the drillstring and the well wall, or between casing strings, or between the
casing and the production tubing.
Appraisal Well :
A well drilled as part of an appraisal drilling program which is carried out to determine the physical extent, reserves and likely production rate of a field.
Artificial Lift :
Any system that adds energy to the fluid column in a
wellbore with the objective of initiating and improving production from the well. Artificial-lift systems use a range of operating principles, including rod pumping, gas lift and electrical submersible pumps.
Associated Gas :
Natural gas associated with oil accumulations, which may be dissolved in the oil at reservoir conditions or may form a cap of free gas above the oil.
Barrel :
A unit of volume measurement used for petroleum and its products (7.3 barrels = 1 ton: 6.29 barrels = 1 cubic meter).
bbl :
One barrel of oil; 1 barrel = 35 Imperial gallons (approx.), or 159 liters (approx.); 7.5 barrels = 1 ton (approx.); 6.29 barrels = 1 cubic meter.
bcf :
Billion cubic feet; 1 bcf = 0.83 million tons of oil equivalent.
bcm :
Billion cubic meters (1 cubic meter = 35.31 cubic feet).
Bit :
The cutting or boring element used in drilling oil and gas wells.
Block :
An acreage sub-division measuring approximately 10 x 20 kms, forming part of a quadrant. e.g. Block 9/13 is the 13th block in Quadrant 9.
Blow-down :
Condensate and gas is produced simultaneously from the outset of production.
Blow-out preventers (BOPs)
Are high pressure wellhead valves, designed to shut off the uncontrolled flow of hydrocarbons.
Blow-out :
When well pressure exceeds the ability of the
wellhead valves to control it. Oil and gas "blow wild" at the surface.
Breakout :
Act of unscrewing one section of pipe from another section, particularly when drill pipe is being withdrawn from the
wellbore.
Bring in a well :
Act of completing and brining a well into production.
Borehole :
The hole as drilled by the
drill bit.
Cap rock
:
Impermeable rock overlying an oil or gas reservoir that tends to prevent migration of the reservoir fluids from the reservoir.
Capped well :
A well capable of production but lacking
wellhead installations and a pipeline connection.
Steel pipe threaded together and cemented into a well as drilling progresses to prevent the wall of the hole from caving in during drilling and to provide a means of extracting oil/gas if the well is productive.
Casing head :
Heavy steel fitting that connects the first string of
casing and provides a housing for the slips and packing assemblies by which subsequent strings of casing are suspended and the annulus sealed off.
Casing head gas :
Gas dissolved in crude oil which emerges at the casing head when pressure is lowered.
Casing string :
Total feet of casing run in a well.
Catwalk :
Steel platform immediately in front of the derrick substructure on which joints of drill pipe are stored prior to being lifted to the
derrick floor by the catline.
Centralisers :
Spring steel guides attached to the casing which help keep it
cantered in the hole and thus provide for a uniform cement sheath around the casing pipe.
Casing string :
The steel tubing that lines a well after it has been drilled. It is formed from sections of steel tube screwed together.
Central estimate :
A range of exploration drilling scenarios from which the following activity levels, based on recent historical experience, are adopted as the central estimates.
Christmas tree :
The assembly of fittings and valves on the top of the
casing which control the production rate of oil.
Circulate :
Cycling of the drilling fluid through the drill string and
wellbore while drilling is temporarily suspended. This is done to condition the drilling fluid and
wellbore before drilling proceeds.
Close in :
To shut in (temporarily) a well that is capable of production.
Commercial field :
An oil and/or gas field judged to be capable of producing enough net income to make it worth developing.
Completion :
The installation of permanent
wellhead equipment for the production of oil and gas.
Contract depth :
Depth that well must be drilled to fulfill the contract.
Condensate :
Hydrocarbons which are in the gaseous state under reservoir conditions and which become liquid when temperature or pressure is reduced. A mixture of pentanes and higher hydrocarbons.
Coiled tubing :
A long, small diameter pipe flexible enough to
be stored on and deployed from a large, truck-mounted roll. Used to
replace jointed pipe in certain types of drilling, completion, and
workover operations.
Coring :
Taking rock samples from a well by means of a special tool called a "core barrel".
Crooked hole :
Wellbore that has deviated from the vertical inadvertently.
Cratering or Sloughing :
When the walls of a hole cave in.
Crane barge :
A large barge, capable of lifting heavy equipment ( +10,000 tonnes) onto offshore platforms. Also known as a "derrick barge".
Cuttings :
Rock chips cut from the formation by the drill bit, and brought to the surface with the mud. Used by geologists to obtain formation data.
Cuttings re-injection :
Grinding of the cuttings into a fine slurry for reinjecting through a well back into the formation. Alternative to "ship-to-shore" method of disposal.
The tower-like structure that houses most of the the hoisting and lowering equipment & drilling controls.
Derrick hand :
Crew member whose work station is in the derrick while pipe is being hoisted or lowered into the hole. He is usually next in line of authority under the driller.
Development phase :
The phase in which a proven oil or gas field is brought into production by drilling production (development) wells.
Directional drilling :
Controlled drilling at a specified angle from the vertical.
Discovery well :.
Exploratory well which discovers a new oil/gas field (see WILDCAT).
Doghouse :
Small house located on the rig floor or nearby that is used as an office for the driller and as a storage place for small tools.
Dog leg :
A sharp change of direction in the
wellbore or an elbow caused by such a change in direction.
Downtime :
When rig operations are temporarily suspended because of repairs or maintenance.
Hoisting mechanism on a drilling rig which spools off or takes in the drilling line and thus raises or lowers the drill string and bit.
The component at the end of the drill string
that cuts the rock and makes hole.
Drill collar :
Heavy-walled sections of pipe included at the
bottom of the drill string to apply weight to the drill bit
during
drilling.
Drillers Cabin :
Control cabin
positioned on the drillfloor to give the driller direct sight of critical
equipment in the derrick and on the drillfloor. This is a cabin where the
drilling and mud control and monitoring equipment is located. Earlier
generation rigs were fitted with instrumentation consoles with gauges and
valves and the driller operated from a standing position. New generation
rigs are fitted with computer based instrumentation, touch screens and the
driller operates from a control chair - aslo commonly known as Man Machine
Interface (MMI)
Employee directly in charge of a particular crew as opposed to a toolpusher who is in charge of all the crews on a rig. Operation of drilling and hoisting equipment
constitutes the driller's main duties.
Drillfloor :
Location of the rig
where the drill strill is made up and stacked. Other equipment such as the
drawworks, control cabin, dog house & other pipe / casing / drill stem
handling equipment is located. The derrick is mounted onto the drill
floor.
Drilling foreman :
Usually the
employee in charge of a number of rigs; sometimes the operator's representative.
Drill pipe :
Steel pipe, in approximately 30-foot (9-meter) lengths, screwed together to form a continuous pipe extending from the drilling rig to the drilling bit at the bottom of the hole. Rotation of the drill pipe and bit causes the bit to bore through the rock.
Drilling rig :
A drilling unit that is not permanently fixed to the seabed, e.g. a drillship, a semi-submersible or a jack-up unit. Also means the derrick and its associated machinery.
Drill stem tests (DST) :
Conventional method of testing a formation to determine its potential productivity before installing production casing in a well. A testing tool is attached to the bottom of the drill pipe and placed opposite the formation to be tested which has been isolated by placing packers above and below the formation. Fluids in the formation are allowed to flow up through the drill pipe by establishing an open connection between the formation and the surface.
Drill string :
String of individual joints of pipe that extends from the bit to the kelly and carries the mud down to, and rotates, the bit.
Drilling Fluids :
While a mixture of clay and water is the most common drilling fluid, wells can also be drilled with air, natural gas, oil, or plain water as the drilling fluid.
Dry hole :
Generally refers to any well that does not produce oil or gas in commercial quantities.
Dual completion :
Completion of a well in which two separate formations may be produced at the same time. Production from each zone is segregated by running two tubing strings with packers, or running one tubing string with a packer and producing the other zone through the annulus.
Dry Gas :
Natural gas composed mainly of methane with only minor amounts of ethane, propane and butane and little or no heavier hydrocarbons in the gasoline range.
E&A :
Abbreviation for exploration and appraisal.
E&P :
Abbreviation for exploration and production.
Elevator :
Clamp which grips a stand or column of casing, tubing, drill pipe, or sucker rods so that it can be raised or lowered into the hole.
Enhanced oil recovery :
A process whereby oil is recovered other than by the natural pressure in a reservoir.
Exploration drilling :
Drilling carried out to determine whether hydrocarbons are present in a particular area or structure.
Exploration phase :
The phase of operations which covers the search for oil or gas by carrying out detailed geological and geophysical surveys followed up where appropriate by exploratory drilling.
Exploration well :
A well drilled in an unproven area. Also known as a "wildcat well".
Farm in :
When a company acquires an interest in a block by taking over all or part of the financial commitment for drilling an exploration well.
FEED :
Front end engineering design. Conceptual design prior to detailed design
Field
An area consisting of a single reservoir or
multiple reservoirs all grouped on, or related to, the same individual
geological structural feature or stratigraphic condition. The field name
refers to the surface area, although it may refer to both the surface and
the underground productive formations.
Fault :
Geological term denoting a break in the subsurface strata.
Fish :
Any undersirable object accidentally lost in the
wellbore which must be removed before drilling can continue.
Fishing :
Encompasses both the special equipment and the special equipment and the special procedures required to remove undersirable objects from the
wellbore.
Floorhand :
Crew member whose work station is primarily about the rig floor. There are normally tow floorhands on each drilling crews.
Flowing pressure :
Pressure registered at the
wellhead of a flowing well.
Formation :
Sedimentary bed or deposit composed substantially of the same minerals throughout and distinctive enough to be a unit.
Fracturing (frac) :
A method of stimulation production by opening
new flow channels in the rock surrounding a production well by pumping
proppant and fluid into the well at high pressure and volume.
Gas cap :
Free gas, separate from, but overlying an oil zone that occurs within the same producing formation as oil. Since gas is lighter, it occupies the upper part of the reservoir.
Geologist :
Scientist whose duties consist of obtaining and interpreting data dealing with the earth's history and its life, especially as recorded in rocks.
Going in hole :
Lowering the drill pipe into the
wellbore.
Gumbo :
A generic term for soft, sticky, swelling clay formations that are frequently encountered in surface holes offshore or in sedimentary basins onshore near seas. This clay fouls drilling tools and plugs piping, both severe problems for drilling crews.
Hole :
Common term for
wellbore.
Horizon :
Distinct layer or group of layers of rock.
Hydrocarbons :
Organic chemical compounds of hydrogen and carbon whose densities, boiling points, and freezing points increase as their molecular weights increase. The molecular structure of the most common petroleum hydrocarbon compounds varies from the simplest - methane, a constituent of natural gas - to the very heavy and complex.
Infill drilling :
Drilling of wells according to a planned pattern and spacing to achieve full production from a new field.
JACK-KNIFE Derrick :
A cantilever mast that can be laid down in one piece for moving, as opposed to a standard derrick which has to be dismantled and re-erected piece by piece.
Jet bit :
having nozzles of various sizes through which the drilling fluid is directed to achieve a desired fluid velocity.
Joint :
One length of drill pipe or casing.
Junk :
Debris or tools lost in the hole.
Kelly :
Square or hexagonal steel pipe about 43 feet (13 meters) long which transmits torque from the rotary table to drill string, thus rotating the string and bit.
Key seat :
While drilling a well, a channel or groove is cut in the side of the hole parallel to the axis of the hole. Key seating takes place as a result of the dragging action of drill pipe through a dog leg.
Killng a well :
The act of bringing a well under control which has blown out or is threatening to blow out; also applies to the procedure of circulating water and mud into a completed well before starting well service operations.
Latch on :
Attaching elevators to a section of pipe.
Laying down pipe :
The operation of pulling drill pipe or tubing from the hole and laying it down on
the pipe rack.
Ledge :
An irregular
wellbore caused by penetration of alternating layers of hard and soft formations
where the soft formation has washed out and caused a change of diametrical size.
Liquids :
Hydrocarbons in solution in natural gas which are liquefiable at surface temperature and pressure or by treatment and processing.
Locations :
Point at which a well is to be drilled. Commonly termed "well site."
Log :
Systematic recording of data.
To conduct a survey inside a borehole to gather information about the
subsurface formations; the results of such a survey. Logs typically
consist of several curves on a long grid that describe properties within
the wellbore or surrounding formations that can
be interpreted to provide information about the location of oil, gas, and
water. Also called well logs, borehole logs, wireline logs.
Lost circulation :
Loss quantities of whole mud to a formation, usually cavernous, fissured, or coarsely permeable beds. It is indicated by the complete or partial loss of drilling mud returns. Until the zone in which the drilling fluid has been lost is sealed off, drilling cannot be resumed in most cases.
Make a connection :
Act of screwing a single joint of drill pipe into the drilling string suspended in the
wellbore. The addition of this joint of pipe permits deepening of the hole the length of the joint added, or about 30 feet (9 meters).
Making hole :
Refers to progress being made at a given time when the bit is rotating and the
wellbore is being deepened. In other words, drilling.
Making a trip :
Hoisting of the drill string out of, and returning it into, the
wellbore. This is done for the purpose of changing bits, preparing to take a core, etc.
Making up a joint :
Act of screwing a joint into another section of pipe.
Mast :
Portable derrick capable of being erected as a unit, as opposed to a standard derrick, which cannot be raised to a working position as a unit, since it is of bolted construction and must be assembled part by part.
Migration :
Natural movement of oil or gas within or out of a formation.
Mixing mud :
Preparation of drilling fluids from a mixture of water and other fluids and one or more of the various dry mud-making materials such as clay, chemical, etc.
Monkey board :
Platform on which the
derrick hand works during the time the crew is making a trip.
Motorhand :
Crew member responsible for the care and operation of the rig motors.
Mouse hole :
Hole drilled under the derrick floor and temporarily cased in which a single joint of pipe is placed awaiting connection to the drill string.
Mud :
Usually colloidal suspensions of clays in water with chemical additives that are circulated through the
wellbore during rotary drilling and
workover operations. Can use oil as the main medium.
Multiple zone well completion :
Completion of a well in such a way that production is obtained from several different formations.
Offset :
A lateral deviation created by the tendency of a bit to sidetrack in a soft formation.
Offset well :
Well location adjoining another well site.
Oilfield :
Loosely defined term referring to an area where oil is found. May also include the oil reservoir, the surface and wells, and production equipment.
Open hole :
Uncased part of a well.
Operator :
Person, whether proprietor or lessee, who actually operates the well. Generally, the oil
company by whom the drilling contractor is engaged.
Pay, Pay sand, or pay section :
Producing formation, or that formation which represents the objective of drilling.
Penetration, rate of ( ROP) :
Rate at which the drill bit proceeds in the deepening of the
wellbore and usually expressed as feet (meters) per hour.
Perforate :
To pierce holes through well casing within an oil or gas-bearing formation by means of a perforating gun lowered down the hole and fired electrically from the surface. The perforations permit production from a formation which has been cased off.
Permeability :
Capacity of a porous rock formation to allow fluid to flow within the interconnecting pore network.
Pipe :
Oilfield tubular goods such as casing, drill pipe, tubing, or pipeline.
Pipe rack :
Series of parallel heavy wooden or steel bents secured in place by bracing on which pipe is stored.
Plug :
Object or device that serves to block a hole or passageway such as a cement plug in a borehole.
Plug & abandon :
Act of placing cement plugs in a hole to prevent unwanted vertical migration in an abandoned well.
Porosity :
Volume of pore spaces between mineral grains expressed as a percentage of the total rock volume. Thus porosity measures the capacity of the rock to hold oil, gas, or water.
Potential :
Actual or maximum volume of oil and/or gas that a well is capable of producing.
Production :
The operation of bringing the well fluids to the surface and separating them, and storing, gauging, and otherwise preparing product for the pipeline. Also refers to the amount of oil or gas produced over a given period.
Rathole :
Shallow bore under the
derrick substructure in which the kelly joint is temporarily set while making a connection.
Relief well :
Well drilled at an angle from a point close to a "wild" well that will intercept the original well as part of control procedure.
Reservoir :
Porous, permeable sedimentary rock structure or trap containing oil and/or gas. A reservoir can contain more than one pool.
Rig :
The derrick, drawworks, and attendant surface equipment of a drilling or
workover unit. (Several types of rigs should be included such as deep, shallow, stratigraphic, etc.)
Rigging up :
Act of getting a rig assembled and ready to start drilling.
Rotary drilling :
Method of drilling in which the drill pipe is rotated to rotate a bit.
Rotary table :
Equipment over the
wellbore which transfers power from the engines to produce a rotary motion. Via bushings and gears the rotary motion is transferred to the kelly and through to the drill string.
Rotating bottom :
Making hole.
Roughneck :
Industry slang for floorhand.
Safety wire :
Steel cable attached to the monkey board and anchored to the ground at some distance from the rig. It is used by the derrickhand to slide clear of danger in an emergency.
Sandfrac :
Method of fracturing subsurface rock formations by injection of fluid and sand under high pressure to increase permeability. Fractures induced in the rock by the hydraulic pressure are kept open by the grains of sand.
Scratcher :
Steel, wire-fingered device fastened to the casing which removes the mud cake from the hole to condition it for cementing.
Seismic acquisition (2-D, 3-D, 4-D) :
Seismic data are used
to map subsurface formations. A 2-D survey reveals a cross section of the
subsurface. In a 3-D survey, seismic data are collected in the inline and
crossline directions to create a three-dimensional image of the
subsurface. In a 4-D or time-lapse 3-D survey, 3-D surveys are repeated
over time to track fluid movement in the reservoir.
Seismograph :
Apparatus used to measure and record vibrations in the earth. It is used to detect possible oil-bearing structures.
Semi-submersible rig :
A mobile offshore drilling unit that floats on
the water’s surface above the subsea wellhead and is anchored in place.
The semi-submersible rig gets its name from pontoons at its base which are
empty while being towed to the drilling location and are partially filled
with water to steady the rig over the well.
Set casing :
Installation of steel pipe or casing in a
wellbore, normally cemented in place by surrounding it with a wall of cement.
Separation :
The process of separating liquid and gas
hydrocarbons and water. This is typically accomplished in a pressure
vessel at the surface, but newer technologies allow separation to occur in
the wellbore under certain conditions
Side tracking :
Drilling past an obstruction in the hole, usually done using a special tool known as a whipstock.
Single :
One joint of drill pipe.
Slim hole drilling :
Drilling in which the hole size is smaller than the conventional hole diameter, enabling the operator to run smaller casing, thereby decreasing the cost of completion.
Sour crude oil :
Oil containing free sulfur or other sulfur
compounds whose total sulfur content is in excess of 1 percent.
Sour gas :
Natural gas containing hydrogen sulfide.
Spacing :
The distance between wells producing from the
same reservoir. Spacing is often expressed in terms of acres, e.g.,
40-acre spacing, and is often established by regulatory agencies.
Specific gravity :
Ratio of weight of any substance to weight of equal volume of another substance, usually water as the standard for solids and liquid.
Spud or spudding in :
Commencement of actual drilling of well.
Stabaliser :
A centralizer installed in the drill string to center the string in the hole and to stiffen the string to resist bending and deviation.
Stand of pipe :
Two, three, and sometimes four joints of pipe fastened together, called a double, thribble, or fourble, respectively.
Step-out well :
Well drilled adjacent or near to proven well to ascertain the limits of the reservoir.
Stratigraphic trap :
Subsurface formation created by sedimentation that might trap an
accumulation of oil and/or gas
Stimulation :
The term used for several processes to enlarge
old channels, or create new ones, in the producing formation of a well
designed to enhance production. Examples include acidizing and
fracturing..
String :
The entire length of casing, tubing, or drill pipe.
Structure :
Subsurface geological feature capable of acting as a reservoir for oil and/or gas.
Stuck pipe :
Drill pipe, casing, or tubing that cannot be worked in or out of the hole as desired.
Substructure :
Foundation on which the derrick and engines sit. Contains space for storage and well control equipment.
Surface casing :
First string of casing set in well.
Swabbing :
Operation using a swab to bring well fluids to the surface when the well does not flow naturally.
Syncline :
Trough-shaped subsurface structure of folded stratified rock. Opposite of anticline.
Tight hole :
Drilling a well in which the information obtained is restricted and passed only to those authorized to receive it.
Tripple :
Stand of pipe made up of three joints handled as a unit.
Foreman in charge of the drilling rig operations and crew members.
A device that turns the drill string. It consists of one or more motors (electric or hydraulic) connected with appropriate gearing to a short section of pipe called a quill, that in turn may be screwed into a saver sub or the
drill string itself. The top drive is suspended from the hook, so the rotary mechanism is free to travel up and down the derrick. This is radically different from the more conventional rotary table and kelly method of turning the
drill string because it enables drilling to be done with three joint stands instead of single joints of pipe. It also enables the driller to quickly engage the pumps or the rotary while tripping pipe, which cannot be done easily with the kelly system. While not a panacea, modern
top drives are a major improvement to drilling rig technology and are a large contributor to the ability to drill more difficult extended-reach wells. In addition, the
top drive enables drillers to minimize both frequency and cost per incident of stuck pipe.
Total depth :
Maximum depth reached in a well.
Tour :
Work shift of a drilling crew, usually pronounced as though it were spelled t-o-w-e-r.
Trap :
Any geological structure which precludes the migration of oil and gas through subsurface rocks, causing the hydrocarbons to accumulate into pools.
Making a trip; Hoist (remove) the drill string
from the wellbore to perform one or more
operations, such as changing bits, running a logging tool, or taking a
core sample, and then return the drill string to the
wellbore. Turbodrill :
Downhole assembly of bit and motor in which the bit alone is rotated by means of fluid turbine which is activated by the drilling mud. The mud turbine is usually placed just above the bit.
Turning to the right :
Slang term referring to actual drilling time as opposed to repair time, trip time, etc.
Turnkey contract :
Contract under which contractor carries out and completes his assignment for a fixed fee, as opposed to working on per diem basis.
Twist-off :
To fracture a joint of drill pipe in two, necessitating a recovery or fishing operation.
Underbalanced drilling :
Drilling under conditions where the pressure
being exerted inside the wellbore (from the
drilling fluids) is less than the pressure of the oil or gas in the
formation.
Underground injection :
The placement of gases or fluids into an
underground reservoir through a wellbore. May be
used as part of enhanced oil recovery or waterflooding processes or for
disposal of produced water.
The exploration and production portions of the
oil and gas industry
VUG:
A cavity in a rock.
Waiting on cement (W.O.C.) :
Time period that drilling is suspended while the cement used to hold casing in the
wellbore hardens.
Weight on bit (WOB) :
The amount of downward force placed on a bit by
the weight of the drill stem.
The hole made by a drilling bit.
The equipment at the surface of a well used to
control the pressure; the point at which the hydrocarbons and water exit
the ground
Recording information about subsurface geologic formations; methods include records kept by the driller, mud and cutting analysis, core analysis, drill stem tests, electric and radioactivity procedures.
Long steel wedge used to deflect the bit from the original borehole at a slight angle for controlled directional drilling, for straightening crooked holes, and for sidetracking in or to bypass an unretrieved fish.
Well drilled in unproven territory.
A slender rod-like or threadlike small-diameter
piece of metal used to lower tools, such as logging tools, perforating
guns, valves, and fishing tools into a well. May include electrical
conductors to power and control instruments and to convey data to the
surface.
To carry out remedial operations on an producing well with the intention of restoring or increasing production.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
| Similar Links of Interest from our database :: | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
Advertise on Oil & Gas Quick Links >> More >> |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
 |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
:: Copyright 2005. All rights reserved Mearnswood Media Limited :: |
|||||||||||||||||||||
